Convection Without a Liquid Mantle

Convection Without a Liquid Mantle

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1Why Earth Has Layers at All 2Reading Earth’s Inside From Earthquake Shaking 3How a Rigid Shell Can Move 4Plates Are Bigger Than Continents

5Continents Move or Plates Move: What’s the Claim?6Do the Pieces Fit: Clues on Today’s Continents 7Seafloor Spreading: New Crust as a Motion Clue 8Why Plate Tectonics Won: A Stronger Evidence Net

9Reading Motion Arrows Into Boundary Types 10When Plates Collide: Subduction or Collision?11From Boundary Type to Landforms and Hazards 12Plates Are Not Continents: Labeling a Cross Section

13What Counts as a Driving Force for Plates?

14Convection Without a Liquid Mantle

15How a Sinking Slab Can Pull a Whole Plate 16Ridge Push: Sliding Away From High Seafloor

17When Plates Pull Apart, New Seafloor Appears 18Why Divergent Earthquakes Stay Shallow 19Transform Boundaries: Sideways Motion, One Narrow Fault 20Transform Quakes: Shallow, Frequent, Little Volcanism

21Spotting a Subduction Zone in Cross Section 22Why Quakes Get Deeper Away From the Trench 23Why Subduction Makes Arc Volcanoes Explosive 24Collision Zones: Mountains Without a Volcanic Arc

25Why Faults Snap: Elastic Rebound in Plain Terms 26Reading Earthquake Signals: What Waves Can Tell You 27Why Some Volcanoes Explode and Others Ooze 28From Map to Claim: Predicting Hazards With Evidence

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Plate Tectonics: Why Earthquakes and Volcanoes Happen
Convection Without a Liquid Mantle