Earth’s plates do not float on a global magma ocean, they move over a solid but deforming mantle. This course builds a grounded understanding of plate tectonics, from Earth’s layered structure and mantle convection to the boundary forces that shape Iceland, Japan, the Himalayas, California, and the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is for learners who want to link the theory to real places and real hazards, not just memorize boundary names. By the end, the pattern behind crust creation, subduction, collision, transform faulting, and the history of continental drift becomes legible in the landscape.
Earth’s layered structure, mantle convection, and lithosphere motion provide the physical basis for plate tectonics. The course then covers divergent seafloor spreading at Iceland, subduction and tsunami-producing megathrusts near Japan, continental collision in the Himalayas, transform motion on the San Andreas Fault, Ring of Fire hazard clustering, and the evidence that turned continental drift into plate tectonics.