Population pyramids turn birth history into a visible age structure, and policy changes in fertility leave marks that can still be read decades later. This course explains how a shift like China’s one-child policy appears as missing cohorts, moving dents, and downstream changes in working-age and older populations. It also shows how to compare those patterns with other countries and avoid the most common misreadings. By the end, the shapes on a pyramid will support a defensible demographic story.
Population pyramids as stacked birth cohorts, and the meaning of common shapes. How birth changes create dents that move upward over time and echo into later ages. China’s one-child policy, sex ratio signals, cross-country fertility shocks, and the traps of migration, mortality, scale, and cohort versus period interpretation.